There isn’t really any inherent part about ARM that is more power efficient that x86 can’t really achieve if they really want to. You’re not gonna find studies on this because it’s not really something you can make studies on about but you can read up on CPU architecture design, CISC vs RISC debates to see that the reason why ARM seems to be more power efficient is due to a bunch of other reasons. Chips and Cheese has a really good article on this but it gets very technical.
Could also look at AMD’s Z series CPUs and Intel’s Lunar Lake and upcoming Panther Lake processors.
There isn’t really any inherent part about ARM that is more power efficient that x86 can’t really achieve if they really want to. You’re not gonna find studies on this because it’s not really something you can make studies on about but you can read up on CPU architecture design, CISC vs RISC debates to see that the reason why ARM seems to be more power efficient is due to a bunch of other reasons. Chips and Cheese has a really good article on this but it gets very technical.
Could also look at AMD’s Z series CPUs and Intel’s Lunar Lake and upcoming Panther Lake processors.