To scroll in menus or desktop, sometimes virtual menus for games requiring more buttons

Web push for notifications. Sure, there’s privacy implications, but it’s already near universal. There’s other options like ntfy.sh if you’re not limited to existing infrastructure. UnifiedPush also works well as a protocol for push notifications.

Everything else can be handled in-app. Password reset will have to be done by an admin, though it’s completely doable for a small selfhosted service.

Some of the downsides OP listed may or may not always apply, but there are always downsides. Either you have to set up your own email server (with extra maintenance burden), or your “selfhosted” app suddenly relies on third party infrastructure, like your email provider (or those of other users on your instance).

I’m going to assume you’re unable to see the embedded image. I didn’t add alt text, that’s my mistake.

Below “Besides”, there is a screenshot of a tweet by user @haydendevs stating “this is who you’re arguing with online” and an attached image of a series of dots connected by lines. This is the (overused) visual representation of a “neural network” in machine learning. The meaning of the image in this context is to state you are arguing with bots or AI online. I used this twitter screenshot as an attempt to make a joke of the fact the OP reads like AI-generated text.

I will edit the alt text in my comment above.

MPV is great, I use it all the time. It’s fully replaced VLC on my desktop.

It is not an “alternative to Jellyfin”. It does not offer many “comfort features” like (synced ootb) watch tracking. It does not transcode at all, and it doesn’t even run on devices that need transcoding most, like smart TVs.

These two applications fall into two different categories, and they will never replace each other. One is a media player, you throw mpv any video file, it puts it up on screen, great. The other is a media server, it allows you to sign in, browse your nicely organized library, and click play on the movie of your choice, very cool.

Even the idea of opening SMB or NFS to the entire internet just so your most technical of friends can manually download and watch a movie is insane compared to setting up Jellyfin. Reminder, not everyone has the connection to stream a full 4k bluray rip, transcoding allows those users to watch at all.

Besides,

The RomM project does exactly that

when technical folks act like everyone and their grandma should run arch

As an Arch user, man I hate when people are like that. Arch certainly has a specific target audience. If you (the individual) are comfortable with a distro, and it works well for you, it’s a good option. If Arch isn’t that, then it’s not a good option for you. Some people don’t understand that even the “once a year single command” maintenance is too technical for most.

Having run Arch only the last few years, I don’t know how much it’s improved compared to say 10 years ago. I do know on most of my systems I don’t spend that much time updating or maintaining my Arch installations, usually just a yay, select which AUR packages not to update (the ones I have can have issues updating sometimes), wait for 15-ish minutes (depends how much I have to compile from AUR), and that’s it. From server to desktop, some weekly, others once every couple months. Although I would say it’s more than average, as I have a custom repository with some nightly compiled packages, which has its own issues.

The difference is rolling vs stable release.

Debian 13 is out, and it will stay exactly the same Debian 13 that it was when it released, even 5 years from now. The only changes are bugfixes, security patches, etc. No new features. This means you can basically do unattended sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade with no problems. By the time Debian 14 comes out, there will have been a ton of changes to upstream software, Updating from 13 to 14 might be a one-click fix, or it might take effort fixing configs and ensuring the new software works.

Arch Linux is rolling release, it does not have version numbers, and does not hold back a major package update just “because it changes things”. This means basically every update might change things, and that can require intervention. If the Arch Linux team is aware of required intervention, it will be put on the Arch News. This is often just one or two commands. The possibility of intervention being required means unattended upgrades are a no-go on Arch, but that’s pretty much it.

If you don’t update your system for say, a year, everything that’s changed in that time will change all at once. This is often still a few commands to fix, but could be more depending on what updated exactly. Updating regularly is reccomended, because it’s easier to tell what exactly changed between updates, and thus easier to track down where a problem originates from.

Depends entirely on the device. On most desktops, you should be able to. On a lot of laptops, this may leave them in an unbootable state (due to GPU option ROMs).

Check for your specific hardware before removing factory default secure boot keys.

This is heavily sensationalized. UEFI “secure boot” has never been “secure” if you (the end user) trust vendor or Microsoft signatures. Alongside that, this ““backdoor”” (diagnostic/troubleshooting tool) requires physical access, at which point there are plenty of other things you can do with the same result.

Yes, the impact is theoretically high, but it’s the same for all the other vulnerable EFI applications MS and vendors sign willy-nilly. In order to get a properly locked-down secure boot, you need to trust only yourself.

When you trust Microsoft’s secure boot keys, all it takes is one signed EFI application with an exploit to make your machine vulnerable to this type of attack.

Another important part is persistence, especially for UEFI malware. The only reason it’s so easy is because Windows built-in “factory reset” is so terrible. Fresh installing from a USB drive can easily avoid that.

Yes, it’s called Sober. It is not official, and may lose functionality at any time due to updates to client-side anti-cheat.

While Mint is an Ubuntu-based distro, it tries to un-fuck the worst of Canonical. Other Ubuntu spins with a different desktop environment don’t do this, like Xubuntu, Kubuntu, etc. They end up as just Ubuntu on a different DE, with all the decisions made by canonical.

Base Debian might work, but afaik, is “not as beginner friendly” compared to Mint.

Firefox is able to do this for basic PDF annotations. It’s not very extensive, but it’s very simple to use (and you probably already have it installed).

It is only a partial upgrade if you update your databases, without upgrading the rest of your system. If you try to pacman -S firefox, and it gives you a 404, you have to both update your pacman databases, and upgrade your packages. This will only give you a 404 if you cleaned your package cache, and your package is out of date. Usually, -S on an already installed package will reinstall it from cache. This does not cause a partial upgrade.

If you run pacman -Sy, everything you install is now considered a partial upgrade, and will break if you don’t know exactly what you’re doing. In order to avoid a partial upgrade, you should never update databases (-Sy) without upgrading packages (-Su). This is usually combined in pacman -Syu.

and had to delete, update, and then rebuild half my system just to update the OS because the libraries were out of sync.

This does not just happen with proper use of pacman. The most common situation where this does happen is called a “partial upgrade”, which is avoidable by simply not running pacman -Sy. (The one exception is for archlinux-keyring, though that requires you run pacman -Syu afterwards).

Arch is definitely intended for a certain audience. If you don’t intend on configuring your system on the level Arch allows you to, then a different distro might be a better option. That does not mean it’s a requirement, you can install KDE, update once a month, and almost never have to worry about system maintenance (besides stuff that is posted on Archlinux news, once or twice a year, usually a single command).

If you want to learn, go for it! Although if you’re running anything important, be sure you’ve got backups, and can restore your system if needed. I wouldn’t personally worry about the future of NixOS. If the project “goes the wrong way”, it’s FOSS, someone will fork it.

I’ve considered Proxmox, but immediately dismissed it (after light testing) due to the lack of control over the host OS. It’s just Debian with a bunch of convenience scripts and config for an easy libvirt experience. That’s amazing for a “click install and have it work” solution, but can be annoying when doing something not supported by the project, as you have to work around Proxmox tooling.

After that, I checked my options again, keeping in mind the only thing the host OS needs is KVM/libvirt, and a relatively modern kernel. Since it’s not intended to run any actual software besides libvirt, stability over quick releases is way more important. I ended up going with Alpine Linux for this, as it’s extremely light-weight (no systemd, intended for IoT), and has both stable and rolling release channels.

It is significantly more setup to use libvirt directly. After installation, Proxmox immediately allows you to get going. Setting up libvirt yourself requires effort. I personally use “Virtual Machine Manager” as a GUI to manage my VMs, though frequently use the included “virsh” too.

Is there anything stopping viruses from doing virus things?

Usually that’s called sandboxing. AUR packages do not have any, if you install random AUR packages without reading them, you run the risk of installing malware. Using Flatpaks from Flathub while keeping their permissions in check with a tool like Flatseal can help guard against this.

The main difference is that even with the AUR being completely user submitted content, they’re centralized repositories, unlike random websites. Malware on the AUR is significantly less common, though not impossible. Using packages that have a better reputation will avoid some malware, simply because other people have looked at the same package.

There is no good FOSS Linux antivirus (that also targets Linux). Clamav “is the closest”, though it won’t help much.

After GRUB unlocks /boot and boots into Linux proper, is there any way to access /boot without unlocking again?

No. The “unlocking” of an encrypted partition is nothing more than setting up decryption. GRUB performs this for itself, loads the files it needs, and then runs the kernel. Since GRUB is not Linux, the decryption process is implemented differently, and there is no way to “hand over” the “unlocked” partition.

Are the keys discarded when initramfs hands off to the main Linux system?

As the fs in initramfs suggests, it is a separate filesystem, loaded in ram when initializing the system. This might contain key files, which can be used by the kernel to decrypt partitions during boot. After booting (pivoting root), the keyfiles are unloaded, like the rest of initramfs (afaik, though I can’t directly find a source on this rn). (Simplified explanation) The actual keys are actively used by the kernel for decryption, and are not unloaded or “discarded”, these are kept in memory.

If GRUB supports encrypted /boot, was there a ‘correct’ way to set it up?

Besides where you source your rootfs key from (in your case a file in /boot), the process you described is effectively how encrypted /boot setups work with GRUB.

Encryption is only as strong as the weakest link in the chain. If you want to encrypt your drive solely so a stolen laptop doesn’t leak any data, the setup you have is perfectly acceptable (though for that, encrypted /boot is not necessary). For other threat models, having your rootfs key (presumably LUKS2) inside your encrypted /boot could significantly decrease security, as GRUB (afaik) only supports LUKS1.

Or am I left with mounting /boot manually for kernel updates if I want to avoid steps 3 and 4?

Yes, although you could create a hook for your package manager to mount /boot on kernel or initramfs regeneration. Generally, this is less reliable than automounting on startup, as that ensures any change to /boot is always made to the boot partition, not accidentally to a directory om your rootfs, even outside the package manager.

If you require it, there are “more secure” ways of booting than GRUB with encrypted /boot, like UKIs with secure boot (custom keys). If you only want to ensure a stolen laptop doesn’t leak data, encrypted /boot is a hassle not worth setting up (besides the learning process itself).

The main oversimplification is where browsers “just visit websites”, SSH can be really powerful. You can send/receive files with scp, or even port forward with the right flags on ssh. If you stick to ssh user@host without extra flags, the only thing you’re telling SSH to do is set up a text connection where your keyboard input gets sent, and some text is received (usually command output, like from a shell).

As long as you understand what you’re asking SSH to do, there’s little risk in connecting to a random server. If you scp a private document from your computer to another server, you’ve willingly sent it. If you ssh -R to port forward, you’ve initiated that. The server cannot simply tell your client to do anything it wants, you have to do this yourself.

1. I do not personally have experience with this website
2. Connecting to an SSH server with an SSH client is much like connecting to a webserver with a webbrowser. It is theoretically possible for bad things to happen, but automatic (“zero click”) attacks of any kind are difficult to pull off when the software is up to date. Most bad things that happen come from the user doing it themselves, like downloading and running untrusted programs, entering your password on a phishing site, etc.
3. This is not necessary, given your host system is up to date.

Note that my answer to 2 is heavily oversimplified, but applies in this scenario of SSH to “OverTheWire”.

Personally I have seen the opposite from many services. Take Jitsi Meet for example. Without containers, it’s like 4 different services, with logs and configurations all over the system. It is a pain to get running, as none of the services work without everything else being up. In containers, Jitsi Meet is managed in one place, and one place only. (When using docker compose,) all logs are available with docker compose logs, and all config is contained in one directory.

It is more a case-by-case thing whether an application is easier to set up and maintain with or without docker.