

It sounds like the SSL/TLS version or allowed cipher list are configured for higher security on your machine or browser and the sites that are failing are using a lower security config. I’m not sure where that config is on Arch. Try a different browser. Also try fetching the sites with curl just to see if that works. Curl’s verbose mode will also tell you what ciphers it tried.
curl -v https://example.com/
And they keep making it harder and harder to not use a Microsoft Account.
https://www.techradar.com/computing/windows/microsoft-is-removing-known-mechanisms-for-creating-a-local-account