Apu is kind of the exception that proves the rule in a way, and ends up being quite an interesting case study. You have the same problem with speedy Gonzales in the sense that most of the stereotypes being conveyed are neutral to positive, and those characters actually tend to be favored within the group they represent. So when we make fun of, say European stereotypes, we get away with a lot more because the power dynamics flow in the other direction. In a weird way, the entire thing can kind of circle back on itself such that Apu or speedy being accepted as a stereotype actually demonstrates exactly the kind of multicultural integration we want to see. Also, about 90% of the controversy was that the voice was done by a white guy.

In that sense, clumsy representation kind of does the opposite - it embodies the way marginalized groups are bracketed on both sides by conflict with their native culture and host culture. This is why, eg, something like Modern Family was such a step gain for LGBT representation, because they actually leaned into full characterization without feeling like they needed to walk on eggshells. In contrast, having some lesbian smurfs share one on screen kiss and then never revisiting the topic feels like being invited to a party where you don’t know anyone and everyone is actively avoiding you.