As far as I understand, yearly general health checkups aren’t that effective at catching things. That at least seems to be the basis for why we don’t have them. One meta-analysis I found referenced was this one published in the BMJ.

That isn’t to say that people don’t get regular checkups here. Depending on your medical history, your age, and your potential for particular problems, there will be regular specific health checks. If a particular group of people are more likely to be affected with a particular condition, then said group will be called for checks.

You can absolutely do regular yearly health checkups, but that’s generally done by private clinics, and you pay for that yourself.

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I have very mixed feelings about our healthcare system. On one hand it works well for the most part, but there are obviously some horror stories making the rounds. There are also some really questionable practices, for example you can get a referral to a chiropractor. Everyone knows that’s bunk science. At best chiropractors are con artists and at worst they’re butchers.